Morpho-physiology, yield and quality assessment on five local landrace Chilli Germplasms

Md. Shah Newaz Chowdhury^a , Shahnaz Sarkar^a , AFM Jamal Uddin^b , Tania Sultana^c* , MZK Roni^d , Rabiul Islam^e

^aDepartment of Agricultural Botany, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh.

^bProfessor, Department of Horticulture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh.

^c*Assistant Professor, Department of Agroforestry and Environmental Science, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh. Corresponding author's email address: kbdtania06@yahoo.com

^dThe United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Ehime University, 2 3-5-7 Tarami, Matsumaya, Ehime 790-8556, Japan.

^eDepartment of Agricultural Chemistry, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh.

Keywords:Capsicum frutescens, Fresh fruit plant-1, Vitamin-C, Yield

ARTICLE HISTORY: Received: 03-May-2018, Accepted: 04-Jun-2018, Online available: 20-Jun-2018

Contribution/ Originality

In this paper, authors analyzed the the morpho-physiological characters, yield and quality of local landrace chilli germplasms and found interesting results.

1. INTRODUCTION

Chilli (Capsicum frutescens) belongs to the Solanaceae family, a year round crop used in variety of ways (Erinle, 1989; Akinyosoye, 1977). It is an unavoidable spice, which is liked for its pungency, spicy taste and its appealing color adds to the curry. Refers to fruit which is usually cone-shaped, smaller and the pungency may be very mild to intensely hot. Among these peepers C. frutescens are hot and C. annum are sweet. Hot peppers (chillies) pericarp have high content of crystalline colorless pungent substance known as alkaloid capsaicin (C18H27NO3) (Udoh et al., 2005). It is quite rich in nutritive values and supposed to contain certain medicinal properties (Chowdhury, 1976). In fact, they are an excellent source of various antioxidant compounds like flavonoids, Shercarotenoids and Vitamin-C (Chuah et al., 2008).Green chillies are rich in vitamin A and C and the seed contain traces of starch (Sayed and Bagavandas, 1980). In addition, peppers are a good source of vitamin-B and vitamin B6, carbohydrate, carotene, thiamine, riboflavin and niacin. In Bangladesh, chillies are grown in all the districts but plenty of chillies are produced in district of Bogra, Rangpur, Kurigram, Jamalpur, Natore and Jessore (BBS, 2014). 16141.73 hectares of land is under chilli cultivation in Bangladesh where 21,000 metric tons of chilli produced per annum in kharif season.105,000 tons of chilli was produced from 78346.45 hectares of land in rabi season. A numbers of cultivars are grown in Bangladesh differing in habit and yield but green chilli production was only 16.9 t ha-1 during 2010-2011 (BBS, 2011). This yield is very low compared to that of other chilli growing countries of the world. For the low yield of the crop, its annual production cannot meet up the total requirement and as such large quantity is to be imported every year. The low yield of chilli in Bangladesh may be attributed to a number of reasons such as unavailability of quality seeds of high yielding germplasm, lack of screening of local germplasm, lack of disease and insect of the available cultivars. Low yield in Bangladesh could be attributed to lack of suitable cultivars. In our country there are a few research works conducted for focusing on the germplasm screening of chilli and their growth, yield and quality. Considering the above point in view the study was undertaken to evaluate morph physiological characters, yield and quality of local chilli germplasm.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

The experiment was arranged at Horticulture Farm, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, during October 2013 to July 2014, to study the performance of growth and yield of five local landrace chilli germplasms. The experiment was designed in randomized block design (RBD), with four replications. The five different local chilli germplasms were subjected to consist the experiment, i.e. V1, Akashi; V2, Kajoli; V3, Deshi kacha morich; V4, Bogra morich and V5, Dongfou. Moderately low temperature and plenty of sunshine prevail during Rabi season, which is suitable for chilli cultivation in Bangladesh. The soil was sandy loam in texture with pH 5.4- 5.6. The recommended dose of NPK fertilizer was applied as followed by BARI 2011. The seed of chilli were collected from the local market in northern and southern part of Bangladesh and seeds were treated by Vitavax-200 @ 5 g 1 kg-1 seed for protecting from seed borne disease. Before seed germination, the seedbed was prepared for raising seedlings and the size of the seedbed was 4m x 2m. Seeds were sown at a depth of 2 cm and covered with a fine layer of soil followed by light watering by water can. Afterwards, the unit plot size was 1.5 m x 1 m and row to row distance were maintained as 40 cm for seedling growth and development in each case and applied 10 t ha-1 well decomposed cow dung in the main plot before seedling transplanting. Thirty days-old healthy seedlings were transplanted at the spacing of 40 cm x 40 cm in the experimental plots. Thus the 16 plants were accommodated in each unit plot. Planting was done in the afternoon. Intercultural activities and watering was done, if it was necessary. During mature green chilli turned yellow, it was harvested at weekly intervals. Harvesting was started at 65 days after transplanting (DAT) and continued till 175 DAT. Data randomly selected on different parameter, for example, plant height (cm), branches plant-1, leaf plant-1, days to flower bud initiation after transplanting, flowers plant-1 (counting up to 60 days after first flowering), fruits plant-1, single fruit fresh weight (g), fruit diameter (mm), fruit length (mm), 1000 seed weight (g), vitamin-C content in green chilli fruits (mg per 100 g fruit), vitamin-C content in dry chilli fruits (mg per 100 g fruit), protein contain in chilli fruits (% per 100 g fruit), yield plant-1 (g) and fresh fruit yield (t ha-1). Growth parameters, viz., Plant height (cm), number of branch Plant-1, number of leaf plant-1, were recorded at 45 to 85 DAT at 10 days interval. Mature leaf from middle portion of the plant (above 20cm from ground level) was used for leaf area by destructing method using CL-202 Leaf Area Meter (USA). Leaf chlorophyll content was measured by using chlorophyll meter SPAD-502. Fruit length and diameter were measured using Digital Caliper-515 (DC-515) in millimetre (mm). Fresh weight and dry weight of 50-fruits were measured by Electric Precision Balance in gram (g). Fifty randomly selected fresh fruits from each treatment were weighed and dry in room temperature. Then fifty dry fruits were weighed. 2, 6 - dichlorophenol indophenols (visual titration method) determined vitamin C content of green and dry fruits of chilli as described by Plummer (1971). Micro Kjeldahl method was determined protein content of five local chilli germplasms. To find out the significance of the experimental results data in respect of growth and yield components were statistically analyzed. All the treatments mean were calculated and for each of the characters the analysis of variance was performed by F test. The difference among the treatment means was evaluated by Least Significant Difference (LSD) test (Gomez and Gomez, 1984) at 5% level of probability.

3. RESULTS AND DISSCUTION

The experiment was observed to evaluate among the five chilli germplasms that was differentiated in terms of morphological characters, yield and quality. The performance of the five local chilli germplams is shown in Table 1.

Table 1: Morphological variations in five chilli germplasm

Figure 1: Mature leaf variation of five local chilli germplasm

V1, Akashi ; V2, Kajoli ; V3, Deshi kacha morich ; V4, Bogra morich ; V5, Dongfou.

Figure 2: Flower petal and color are differentiation of chilli germplasm

Figure 3: Variation in flower position of local chilli germplasm

Figure 4: Variation in fruit length, shape (immature) of chilli germplasm

V1, Akashi ; V2, Kajoli ; V3, Deshi kacha morich ; V4, Bogra morich ; V5, Dongfou.

Figure 5: Fruit colour, fruit surface and length inequality of chilli germplasm

Figure 6: Variation in fruits position of chilli germplasm

V1, Akashi; V2, Kajoli ; V3, Deshi kacha morich ; V4, Bogra morich ; V5, Dongfou.

Plant height

Significant variation in plant height was observed with different chilli germplasms viz. (V1 , Akashi; V2 , Kajoli; V3 , Deshi kacha morich; V4 , Bogra morich; V5 , Dongfou) at 45, 55, 65, 75 and 85 DAT. Maximum plant height was scored from V2 (59.5 cm). Minimum from V4 (50.7 cm) at 85 DAT (Figure 7a) i.e., Kajoli produced maximum plant height. An increased plant height may increase the branches and leaves number of plant. There was a lot of variation in height of Capsicum plants obtained by Hosmani (1982). High phenotypic co-efficient of variation (PCV) and genotypic co-efficient of variation (GCV) were found for plant height obtained by Mini and Khader (2004); Sreelathakumary and Rajamony (2004); Ukkund et al. (2007) and Singh et al. (2009).

Branches plant-1

Significant variation was found on number of branches among the different germplasms of chilli at 45, 55, 65, 75 and 85 DAT. Maximum number of branches (33.1) was obtained from Akashi (V1) that ware statistically similar with V2 and V3. Minimum (18.6) was observed from Dongfou (V5) at 85 DAT (Figure 7b). Smitha and Basavaraja (2006) observed significant differences among the germplasm with respect to both quantitative and qualitative characters. Similar result was reported by Ukkund et al. (2007).

Leaf plant-1

Leaf number of chilli germplasms did not differ significantly between V1 and V2. But statistically significant among V3, V4 and V5 germplasms at 45, 55, 65, 75 and 85 DAT. Maximum number of leaves was recorded from V2 (84.1) that are statistically similar with V1 and V2. Minimum from V5 (40.4) at 85 DAT (Figure 7c).

Figure 7: Performance of chilli germplasm on plant height (cm), branches plant-1 and leaves plant-1 of at DAT. (V1 , Akashi ; V2 , Kajoli; V3 , Deshi kacha morich; V4 , Bogra morich; V5 , Dongfou)

Chlorophyll content (SPAD values) at mature stage

Significant variation was found on chlorophyll content (SPAD values) with different chilli germplasms at mature stage. Maximum chlorophyll content (56.9%) was obtained from V2 (Kajoli), whereas minimum (48.9%) was obtained from V5 (Dongfou) at 85 days after transplanting (Table 2). Chlorophyll content ranged from 60.9 to 52.8 studied among four chilli cultivars obtained by Chowdhury et al. (2015).

Leaf area (cm²)

Significant variation was observed among different chilli germplasm performance in terms of leaf area at 85 DAT. Leaf area of local chilli germplasm exposed statistically dissimilarity between V3 and V5 germplasms, whereas statistically equality found in V1, V2, V4 germplasms at 85 DAT. Dongfou, (V5) (125.8 cm2) was accorded top most result in term of leaf area where as V3 (Deshi Kacha Morich; 62.38 cm2) was recorded as inferior at 85 DAT (Table 2). According to Edwards and Ludwing (1975) unit leaf area is a valid basis for assessing the effects of short term fluctuations in environmental variables on photosynthesis.

Days to first flower bud initiation after transplanting

Significant variation in respect of days (from days after transplanting of chilli seedlings) taken for flower bud appearance (visual observation) was received among the germplasms. Longest period was required for flower bud initiation in V5 (61.1 days) whereas shortest period from V4 (39.1 days) (Table 2). This result showed that V4 was early flower bud initiating germplasm whereas V5 was late one. Days to flower bud initiation and flowering are a basis for measuring the early or late cultivars. Days required to flowering in chilli crop mainly depend on the variety stated by Hosmani (1982), Veerapa (1980) and Ukkund et al. (2007).

Flowers plant-1 (Counting up to 60 days after first flowering)

Number of flowers per plant was significantly varied with local chilli germplasms. Number of flowers was found highest in germplasm V2 (81.00 plant-1) whereas lowest in germplasm V5 (24.6 plant-1) (Table 2). In case of number of flowers Chilli cultivar was significantly different from one cultivar to another (Chowdhury et al., 2015; Veerapa, 1980; Hosmani, 1982) and Ruby King took 43 days for flowering, the sweet pepper variety flowered at 27 days after transplanting (Veerapa, 1980).

Weight of 50 Fresh and dry fruits

Significant variation was found on fresh and dry weight of fifty fruits with different germplasms of chilli viz. V1 (Akashi), V2 (Kajoli), V3 (Deshi kacha morich), V4 (Bogra morich), V5 (Dongfou) at mature ripening stage (Table 1). (Dongfou) gave maximum fresh weight of 50 fruits (183.9 g) while minimum (40.9 g) fresh weight of fifty fruits was obtained from V2 (Kajoli) (Table 10). On the other hand, highest dry weight was recorded from V5 (Dongfou; 19.4 g) while lowest dry weight of fifty-fruits was scored from V2 (Kajoli; 10.3 g) (Table 2). Fruiting character also varies on the germplasm character and environment adaptation. Fresh and dry weight of 50 fruits varied from lines to lines and results of that study supports the findings of the current experiment (Mehraj et al., 2014; Chowdhury et al., 2015). Similar result was also obtained by Ukkund et al. (2007).

Fruit length and diameter

Significant variation was recorded for fruit length among chilli germplasms. Results indicate that the longest fruit length (93.7 mm) was recorded from V5 (Dongfou) while V2 (Kajoli) was shortest (58.3 mm), followed by (V1; 60.8 mm) (Table 1). Fruit diameter of the five chilli germplasms ranged from 9.9 mm to 7.8 mm. The mature fruits of V5 (Dongfou) showed maximum fruit diameter (9.9 mm), which was identical with V1 (Akashi; 9.7 mm) and minimum 7.8 mm was recorded in V4 (Bogur morich), followed by V2 (Kajoli; 7.9 mm) (Table 2). Hosmani (1982) suggested that in case of chilli fruits length and diameter is having market value because normally medium to long fruit are preferred by customers. But extra-large fruit is undesirable because it is usually associated with lower productivity irregular fruit shape and poor quality by Pochard (1966). Smitha and Basavaraja (2006) observed significant differences among the chilli genotypes in respect of fruit length.

Table 2: Performance of five local landrace chilli germplasms related to growth and yield Y

X V1 , Akashi ; V2 , Kajoli ; V3 , Deshi kacha morich ; V4 , Bogra Morich ; V5 , Dongfou
Y Means values are statistically identical and differ significantly at P<0.05

Vitamin C content in green fruit (mg/100g)

Significant differences were observed among the local chilli germplasms in respect of vitamin C content. The ascorbic acid content of the green fruits of five chilli germplasms ranged from 76.4 mg/100 g fruit to 57.9 mg/100 g fruit. The green fruits of V1 (Akashi) contained the higher amount of ascorbic acid (76.4 mg/100 g fruit) and the lower (57.9 mg/100 g fruit) was recorded in V3 (deshi kacha morich) (Table 3). Further, significant differences showed among the germplasm with respect to both quantitative and qualitative characters Smitha and Basavaraja (2006). Similar result was reported by Ukkund et al., (2007). Apparently, genetic variation is subjected not only the morphological characters, but also qualitative characters and physiological performance including chlorphyll content and vitamin C. for this condition, chlorophyll content ranged from 60.9 to 52.8 studied among four chilli cultivars obtained by Chowdhury et al. (2015).

Vitamin C content in dry fruit (mg/100g)

Significant variations were found among the germplasms in respect of ascorbic acid content in dry fruits. Maximum amount of ascorbic acid (42.6 mg/100 g fruit) was measured in germplasm (V1) Akashi, while minimum (28.3 mg/100 g) ascorbic acid was found in germplasm (V3) Deshi kacha morich (Table 3). The stability and accumulation of Vit-C in fruits of Capsicum was affected by maturation and storage conditions besides genetic diversity (Howard et al., 2000; Jimenez et al., 2003). In chilli germplasm nutritional composition varies from germplasm to germplasm (Kaur et al., 1980).

Percentage of protein in green fruit

Protein content showed significant inequality among the germplasm variation. Protein content in fruit ranged from 4.2 to 3.0 %. The highest protein content (4.2 %) was recorded from V5 (Dongfou) and the lowest protein contents (3.0%) was recorded from V2 (Kajoli) (Table 3). This might be due to the genetic variation in term of protein synthesis among the germplasms. Purseglove (1968) found that chilli fruits contain 3 percent protein. Similar result was also observed by Srivestava and Sanjeev (1994) and Leung et al. (1972).

Single fruit fresh weight

Individual fruit fresh weight was documented statistical significance among different chilli germplasms like as V1 (Akashi), V2 (Kajoli), V3 (Deshi kacha morich), V4 (Bogra morich), V5 (Dongfou). Highest individual fruit weight (3.9 g) was obtained from V5 (Dongfou); whereas the lowest (1.4 g) from V2 (Kajoli) (Table 3). Obidiebube et al. (2012) also found variation in the fresh weight of single fruit among the cultivars of pepper.

Fruits plant-1

Number of fruit plant-1 varied significantly for germplasm variation. The result indicates that the highest number of fruits (268.3 plant-1) was obtained from the germplasm V2 (Kajoli). Second highest (242.7) from germplasm V4 (Deshi kacha morich) which was statistically similar with germplasm V1 (Akashi) producing (238.5) number of fruit germplasm V5 (Dongfou) attained the lowest (61.42) number of fruits plant-1 (Table 3). Obidiebube et al. (2012) found similar result i.e. significant variation from one cultivar to another in number of fruit of chilli. Sreelathakumary et al. (2004) observed higher phenotypic and genotypic co-efficient of variation for fruits plant-1.

1000 seeds weight

The 1000 seed weight showed significant variation among the different germplasms viz. V1 (Akashi), V2 (Kajoli), V3 (Deshi kacha morich), V4 (Bogra morich), V5 (Dongfou). Highest 1000 seed weight (3.5 g) was found in Akashi (V1) whereas non significant variation with V2 (kajoli).The lowest 1000 seed weight (2.9 g) was obtained from Bogra morich (V4) whereas non-significant variation with deshi kacha morich (V3) (Table 3). Similar result was obtained by Gogoi et al. (2002).

Yield plant-1

Significant variations in yield plant-1 were noticed among the germplasm. Yield of five chilli germplasms ranged from 568.6 to 171.2 g per plant .The higher (568.6 gm plant-1) was found in V1 (Akashi). The lower yield (171.2 g plant-1) was noted from the germplasm of V4 (Bogra morich) (Table 3). Obidiebube et al. (2012) found similar result i.e. significant variation from one cultivar to another in number of fruit of chilli. Sreelathakumary et al. (2004) observed higher phenotypic and genotypic co-efficient of variation for fruits plant-1 as well as other yield character, and Ullah et al. (2011) supported with the results on chilli yield that depend on genotypes.

Fresh fruit yield ha-1

The fresh fruit yield ha-1 showed significant variation among the different chilli germplasms. The germplasm Akashi (V1) gave the highest fruit yield (18.1 t ha-1).The lowest fresh fruit yield (13.3 t ha-1) was obtained from V4 (Bogra morich) (Table 3). Similar result was obtained by Purseg love (1968) and Bajaj et al. (1980).

Table 3: Performance of chilli germplasm related to chemical and yield Y

X V1 , Akashi ; V2 , Kajoli ; V3 , Deshi kacha morich ; V4 , Bogra Morich ; V5 , Dongfou
Y Mean means are statistically identical and differ significantly at P<0.05

4. CONCLUSION

On the practical standpoint from the results, the germplasm 'Kajoli' gave the maximum plant height, number of branches plant-1, number of leaf plant-1, flower plant-1, fruit plant-1 and chlorophyll content of the leaf; however, fruit diameter and vitamin C content of the fruit were found in maximum from 'Akasi'. The germplasm 'Dongfou' performed better in respect fruit characters viz. weight of 50 fresh and dry fruits, single fruit fresh weight, fruit length, fruit diameter and protein content. Among different morphological, growth and yield contributing characters germplasm 'Kajoli' was performed better, whereas 'Dongfou' performed better in fruit quality. These germplasm 'Kajoli' could be suggested for further wider experiment on yield potentials and or recommend as potential yield increasing germplasm compared other low yielding chilli germplasm of this study.

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